TY - JOUR
T1 - Basal and LPS-stimulated inflammatory markers and the course of anxiety symptoms
AU - van Eeden, Wessel A.
AU - El Filali, Ebtisam
AU - van Hemert, Albert M.
AU - Carlier, Ingrid V.E.
AU - Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.
AU - Lamers, Femke
AU - Schoevers, Robert
AU - Giltay, Erik J.
N1 - Funding Information: The infrastructure for the NESDA study ( www.nesda.nl ) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant number 10-000-1002) and financial contributions by participating universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location VUmc), GGZ inGeest, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Rob Giel Onderzoekscentrum). BP has received (non-related) research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim and Jansen Research. All remaining authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - A cross-sectional relationship between low-grade inflammation –characterized by increased blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines– and anxiety has been reported, but the potential longitudinal relationship has been less well studied. We aimed to examine whether basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS-)induced levels of inflammatory markers are associated with anxiety symptom severity over the course of nine years. We tested the association between basal and LPS-induced inflammatory markers with anxiety symptoms (measured with the Beck's Anxiety Inventory; BAI, Fear Questionnaire; FQ and Penn's State Worry Questionnaire; PSWQ) at 5 assessment waves over a period up nine years. We used multivariate-adjusted mixed models in up to 2867 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). At baseline, 43.6% of the participants had a current anxiety disorder, of which social phobia (18.5%) was most prevalent. Our results demonstrated that baseline inflammatory markers were significantly associated with several outcomes of anxiety at baseline over nine subsequent years. BAI subscale of somatic (arousal) symptoms of anxiety, and FQ subscale of agoraphobia demonstrated the strongest effects with standardized beta-coefficients of up to 0.14. The associations were attenuated by 25%-30% after adjusting for the presence of (comorbid) major depressive disorder (MDD), but remained statistically significant. In conclusion, we found that participants with high levels of inflammatory markers have on average high levels of anxiety consisting of physical arousal and agoraphobia, which tended to persist over a period of nine years, albeit with small effect sizes. These associations were partly driven by co-morbid depression.
AB - A cross-sectional relationship between low-grade inflammation –characterized by increased blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines– and anxiety has been reported, but the potential longitudinal relationship has been less well studied. We aimed to examine whether basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS-)induced levels of inflammatory markers are associated with anxiety symptom severity over the course of nine years. We tested the association between basal and LPS-induced inflammatory markers with anxiety symptoms (measured with the Beck's Anxiety Inventory; BAI, Fear Questionnaire; FQ and Penn's State Worry Questionnaire; PSWQ) at 5 assessment waves over a period up nine years. We used multivariate-adjusted mixed models in up to 2867 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). At baseline, 43.6% of the participants had a current anxiety disorder, of which social phobia (18.5%) was most prevalent. Our results demonstrated that baseline inflammatory markers were significantly associated with several outcomes of anxiety at baseline over nine subsequent years. BAI subscale of somatic (arousal) symptoms of anxiety, and FQ subscale of agoraphobia demonstrated the strongest effects with standardized beta-coefficients of up to 0.14. The associations were attenuated by 25%-30% after adjusting for the presence of (comorbid) major depressive disorder (MDD), but remained statistically significant. In conclusion, we found that participants with high levels of inflammatory markers have on average high levels of anxiety consisting of physical arousal and agoraphobia, which tended to persist over a period of nine years, albeit with small effect sizes. These associations were partly driven by co-morbid depression.
KW - Anxiety disorder
KW - Anxiety severity
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Inflammation
KW - Longitudinal
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U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.001
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.001
M3 - Article
C2 - 34509625
SN - 0889-1591
VL - 98
SP - 378
EP - 387
JO - Brain, behavior, and immunity
JF - Brain, behavior, and immunity
ER -