Mechanical ventilation enhances lung inflammation and caspase activity in a model of mouse pneumovirus infection

Severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children can progress to respiratory distress and acute lung injury (ALI). Accumulating evidence suggests that mechanical ventilation (MV) is an important cofactor in the development of ALI by modulating the host immune responses to bacteria. This study investigates whether MV enhances the host response to pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a mouse pneumovirus that has been used as a model for RSV infection in humans. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with diluted clarified lung homogenates from mice infected with PVM strain J3666 or uninfected controls. Four days after inoculation the mice were subjected to 4 hr of MV (Vt 10 ml/kg), or allowed to breathe spontaneously. As compared with mice inoculated with PVM-only, the administration of MV to PVM-infected mice resulted in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of the cytokines MIP-2, MIP-1alpha (CCL3) and IL-6; increased alveolar-capillary permeability to high molecular weight proteins; and increased caspase-3 activity in lung homogenates. We conclude that MV enhances the activation of inflammatory and caspase cell death pathways in response to pneumovirus infection. We speculate that MV potentially contributes to the development of lung injury in patients with RSV infection. Key words: RSV, Mechanical ventilation, Acute lung injury, Mouse