TY - JOUR
T1 - Mental health and perceived impact during the first Covid-19 pandemic year
T2 - A longitudinal study in Dutch case-control cohorts of persons with and without depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders
AU - Kok, Almar A. L.
AU - Pan, Kuan-Yu
AU - Rius-Ottenheim, Nathaly
AU - Jörg, Frederike
AU - Eikelenboom, Merijn
AU - Horsfall, Melany
AU - Luteijn, Rob
AU - van Oppen, Patricia
AU - Rhebergen, Didi
AU - Schoevers, Robert A.
AU - Giltay, Erik J.
AU - Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
N1 - Funding Information: BWJHP reports grants from Janssen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: We thank all NESDA, NESDO and NOCDA participants for their valuable contributions to the studies as participants. According to European law (General Data Protection Regulation), data containing potentially identifying or sensitive patients' information are restricted. However, for academic researchers, data can be made available on request via the NESDA (nesda@ggzingeest.nl), NESDO (d.rhebergen@ggzcentraal.nl), and NOCDA (p.vanoppen@ggzingeest.nl) data access committees. COVID online data collection and analyses were partly funded by a ‘fast track grant’ from the Dutch Research Council (grant no 440.20.009) and by the RESPOND project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Societal Challenges under grant agreement No 101016127. The infrastructure for the NESDA study is funded through the Geestkracht programme of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (grant no 10-000-1002) and financial contributions by participating universities and mental health-care organisations (VU University Medical Center, Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) inGeest, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Rob Giel Onderzoekscentrum). The infrastructure for the NESDO study is funded through the Fonds NutsOhra (project 0701-065), Stichting tot Steun VCVGZ, NARSAD The Brain and Behaviour Research Fund (grant id 41080), and by participating universities and mental health-care organisations (VU University Medical Center, Leiden University Medical Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University Medical Center St Radboud, GGZ inGeest, GGNet, GGZ Nijmegen, GGZ Rivierduinen, Lentis, and Parnassia). The infrastructure for the NOCDA study is funded by participating universities and mental health-care organisations (Academic Department VU Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Innova Research Centre, Mental Health Care Institute GGZ Centraal, Marina de Wolf Anxiety Research Centre, Center for Anxiety Disorders Overwaal, Dimence, GGZ Overijssel, Department of Psychiatry at Leiden University Medical Center, Vincent van Gogh Institute Mental Health Care Centre, Academic Anxiety Center, PsyQ Maastricht University, Division Mental Health and Neuroscience, and Stichting tot Steun VCVGZ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/5/15
Y1 - 2022/5/15
N2 - Background: Little is known about the longer-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic beyond the first months of 2020, particularly for people with pre-existing mental health disorders. Studies including pre-pandemic data from large psychiatric cohorts are scarce. Methods: Between April 2020 and February 2021, twelve successive online questionnaires were distributed among participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons, and Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association Study (N = 1714, response rate 62%). Outcomes were depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, loneliness, perceived mental health impact of the pandemic, fear of Covid-19, positive coping, and happiness. Using linear mixed models we compared trajectories between subgroups with different pre-pandemic chronicity of disorders and healthy controls. Results: Depressive, anxiety and worry symptoms were stable since April–May 2020 whereas happiness slightly decreased. Furthermore, positive coping steadily decreased and loneliness increased - exceeding pre-Covid and April–May 2020 levels. Perceived mental health impact and fear of Covid-19 fluctuated in accordance with national Covid-19 mortality rate changes. Absolute levels of all outcomes were poorer with higher chronicity of disorders, yet trajectories did not differ among subgroups. Limitations: The most vulnerable psychiatric groups may have been underrepresented and results may not be generalizable to lower income countries. Conclusions: After a year, levels of depressive and worry symptoms remained higher than before the pandemic in healthy control groups, yet not in psychiatric groups. Nevertheless, persistent high symptoms in psychiatric groups and increasing loneliness in all groups are specific points of concern for mental health care professionals.
AB - Background: Little is known about the longer-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic beyond the first months of 2020, particularly for people with pre-existing mental health disorders. Studies including pre-pandemic data from large psychiatric cohorts are scarce. Methods: Between April 2020 and February 2021, twelve successive online questionnaires were distributed among participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons, and Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association Study (N = 1714, response rate 62%). Outcomes were depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, loneliness, perceived mental health impact of the pandemic, fear of Covid-19, positive coping, and happiness. Using linear mixed models we compared trajectories between subgroups with different pre-pandemic chronicity of disorders and healthy controls. Results: Depressive, anxiety and worry symptoms were stable since April–May 2020 whereas happiness slightly decreased. Furthermore, positive coping steadily decreased and loneliness increased - exceeding pre-Covid and April–May 2020 levels. Perceived mental health impact and fear of Covid-19 fluctuated in accordance with national Covid-19 mortality rate changes. Absolute levels of all outcomes were poorer with higher chronicity of disorders, yet trajectories did not differ among subgroups. Limitations: The most vulnerable psychiatric groups may have been underrepresented and results may not be generalizable to lower income countries. Conclusions: After a year, levels of depressive and worry symptoms remained higher than before the pandemic in healthy control groups, yet not in psychiatric groups. Nevertheless, persistent high symptoms in psychiatric groups and increasing loneliness in all groups are specific points of concern for mental health care professionals.
KW - Affective disorder
KW - Chronicity
KW - Coronavirus
KW - Epidemiology
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85125856213&origin=inward
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35219736
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125856213&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.056
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.056
M3 - Article
C2 - 35219736
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 305
SP - 85
EP - 93
JO - Journal of affective disorders
JF - Journal of affective disorders
ER -