TY - JOUR
T1 - Metabolic syndrome after childhood trauma
T2 - A 9-year longitudinal analysis
AU - Souama, Camille
AU - Milaneschi, Yuri
AU - Lamers, Femke
AU - Vinkers, Christiaan H.
AU - Giltay, Erik J.
AU - Liemburg, Edith J.
AU - Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful to the EarlyCause consortium for their contribution to this project. We also thank all the participants who took part in NESDA, as well as the data management team, interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, volunteers, medical specialists, and other staff and stakeholders who have taken part in NESDA. The infrastructure for the NESDA study ( www.nesda.nl ) has been funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant number 10-000-1002) and by participating universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam University Medical Centers [location VUmc], GGZ inGeest, Leiden University Medical Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Dimence, Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum). Funding Information: This work is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 848158 (EarlyCause). Publisher Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Background Childhood trauma (CT) has been cross-sectionally associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a group of biological risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Longitudinal studies, while rare, would clarify the development of cardiometabolic dysregulations over time. Therefore, we longitudinally investigated the association of CT with the 9-year course of MetS components. Methods Participants (N = 2958) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were assessed four times across 9 years. The CT interview retrospectively assessed childhood emotional neglect and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Metabolic outcomes encompassed continuous MetS components (waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, blood pressure [BP], and glucose) and count of clinically elevated MetS components. Mixed-effects models estimated sociodemographic- and lifestyle-adjusted longitudinal associations of CT with metabolic outcomes over time. Time interactions evaluated change in these associations. Results CT was reported by 49% of participants. CT was consistently associated with increased waist (b = 0.32, s.e. = 0.10, p = 0.001), glucose (b = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001), and count of MetS components (b = 0.04, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001); and decreased HDL cholesterol (b = -0.01, s.e.<0.01, p =.020) and systolic BP (b = -0.33, s.e. = 0.13, p = 0.010). These associations were mainly driven by severe CT and unaffected by lifestyle. Only systolic BP showed a CT-by-time interaction, where CT was associated with lower systolic BP initially and with higher systolic BP at the last follow-up. Conclusions Over time, adults with CT have overall persistent poorer metabolic outcomes than their non-maltreated peers. Individuals with CT have an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and may benefit from monitoring and early interventions targeting metabolism.
AB - Background Childhood trauma (CT) has been cross-sectionally associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a group of biological risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Longitudinal studies, while rare, would clarify the development of cardiometabolic dysregulations over time. Therefore, we longitudinally investigated the association of CT with the 9-year course of MetS components. Methods Participants (N = 2958) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were assessed four times across 9 years. The CT interview retrospectively assessed childhood emotional neglect and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Metabolic outcomes encompassed continuous MetS components (waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, blood pressure [BP], and glucose) and count of clinically elevated MetS components. Mixed-effects models estimated sociodemographic- and lifestyle-adjusted longitudinal associations of CT with metabolic outcomes over time. Time interactions evaluated change in these associations. Results CT was reported by 49% of participants. CT was consistently associated with increased waist (b = 0.32, s.e. = 0.10, p = 0.001), glucose (b = 0.02, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001), and count of MetS components (b = 0.04, s.e. = 0.01, p < 0.001); and decreased HDL cholesterol (b = -0.01, s.e.<0.01, p =.020) and systolic BP (b = -0.33, s.e. = 0.13, p = 0.010). These associations were mainly driven by severe CT and unaffected by lifestyle. Only systolic BP showed a CT-by-time interaction, where CT was associated with lower systolic BP initially and with higher systolic BP at the last follow-up. Conclusions Over time, adults with CT have overall persistent poorer metabolic outcomes than their non-maltreated peers. Individuals with CT have an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and may benefit from monitoring and early interventions targeting metabolism.
KW - adverse childhood experiences
KW - child abuse
KW - childhood maltreatment
KW - metabolic syndrome
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85177763346&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723003264
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723003264
M3 - Article
C2 - 37981868
SN - 0033-2917
JO - Psychological Medicine
JF - Psychological Medicine
ER -